Sleep and Mary J. Davis

S. No| Topic| Pg no| i. | What is Confidence building? Does Confidence really come with Knowledge? | 2| ii. | How does a Shark Hunt? | 3| iii. | What efforts are being taken to protect Endangered Wildlife? | 4| iv. | What are the dangers and hazards of Nuclear Power? | 5| v. | Why do we sleep? | 6| vi. | How does Tobacco use affect the human body? | 7| vii. | What are the causes of Tornadoes? | 8| viii. | In what ways do Video Games affect children and teenagers? | 9| ix. | What is stress? | 10| x. | What are the ways to speak effectively? | 11| xi. | Pros and Cons of Teamwork| 12| ii. | Which types of Shops do you use to buy different things? Why? | 13| xiii. | What is culture? Describe different types of company’s cultures. | 14| xiv. | Which is the most important Invention for the last 100 years? Which one do you wish had not been Invented? | 15| Table of content Descriptive Essay What is Confidence building? Does Confidence really come with Knowledge? Confidence is a posit ive feeling gained from a belief in your own ability of to do things well. Very few people succeed in building up their confidence level. When we born we cry because we are afraid of this world.It means that nobody is born with confidence. We have to develop our own confidence. It is not easy as it seems. There is a certain age at which the growing level of confidence stops working. Many of people failed in building up their own confidence (Adrian MacKay). Those who are self-confident about themselves have a strong sense of belief. Self-confidence is connected with possessing of certain skill sets or abilities, whether it is acquired or natural. While having ability in a particular area can help you to boost yourself. Someone who has no capability of doing something is always lack of confident (Coles).A person who is lack of self-confidence has a lack of self-belief in them. Lack in yourself comes when you feel insecure about something like place or with the audience you are facing. A person behaves like overly shy, having fear in themselves, forget what to talk about, start shivering and feel uncomfortable when they are lack of confidence. People with low self-confidence always stay away from other peoples. They have a limited mind set and their behavior changes unexpectedly. This lack of self-confidence puts them in a nonstop life cycle that reinforces their state of self-belief (Coles). Knowledge and confidence are two different things.Without confidence, knowledge is worthless. And without knowledge, confidence is useless. If we have to face the world so we have to combine our knowledge and confidence. Those people who are not able to combine their knowledge and confidence won’t have the chance to survive (Stephen Hetherington). Confidence and knowledge is the most powerful weapon of a person. If anyone knows how to use it so he can live on his life in an easy way. Even to become a successful man a particular person has to go through many difficulti es and have to keep struggling. A lose hearted person always think about his past and afraid to move on again.So if anyone wants to become a successful man he has to build up his confidence. References Adrian MacKay Coles Stephen Hetherington Descriptive Essay How does a Shark Hunt? Shark is a large and sometimes aggressive sea fish with a triangular fin on its back. They live in ocean but not in freezing areas like ANTARCTICA. To survive in water, they need salty water. They are mostly found in between the deep oceans. They cannot change their places like other species do. Some sharks use to live in natural environments. While other sharks’ like to live in dark, cold, rocky and sandy areas.Sharks use to travel to a long distances in seek of warmer and cooler areas where they can give birth to their babies in a year (Bobbie Kalmar, Molly Alien). The bodies of sharks are made of same parts but not all. As compare to other sharks they don’t have same size, shape and colo r. There are two types of shark bodies â€Å"Active Swimmers and Bottom Dwellers†. Those sharks who are â€Å"Active Swimmers† have their body in a shape that allows them to move with quick, easy movements in water with the help of powerful fins. And those sharks that are â€Å"Bottom Dwellers† have wide and horizontal bodies (Bobbie Kalmar, Molly Alien).There are many kinds of sharks in which three of them are a lot bigger. They are â€Å"White, basking and whale sharks†. The white sharks are 12 feet long and 4 meter large. Whereas basking sharks are 40 feet long and 12 meters large. And whale sharks are 50 feet long and 15 meters large. They can be compared as to school bus. So you can think how much bigger things they use to eat. But these three sharks eat only small fishes like Krill, which is not bigger than your finger (Mary M. Carlo). People usually fear from sharks because they think that sharks can eat them with their jaws by crushing and tearing them a part.Sharks use jaws to attack their enemies. But they don’t use them to attack humans. They never make humans as a target for their food. To sharks, humans look to them as a seal. So, only small number of sharks attacks humans. Sharks have sensitive nostrils that can track down a bleeding fish that may be far away from them of ocean (Christina Wilson). Sharks are the natural gift given by Allah to us. They are the natural beauty of sea. They live in a deep silent ocean. And can be of different size or color or shape. They can hunt any fish or human. They are harmful but it doesn’t mean that we just finish them off.Sharks cannot stop hunting because it’s in their nature. So we enjoy by making aquarium for sharks. Or we can watch them so we can understand that how they live in their world. References Bobbie Kalmar, Molly Alien Mary M. Carlo Christina Wilson Descriptive Essay What efforts are being taken to protect Endangered Wildlife? Wildlife is about al l animals, birds and insects that naturally inhabit a particular region. In the wildlife history in U. S. A, several of Bison were killed, just to clear the grasslands. This dangerous situation of Bison disturbed the public because they were the only largest mammals in U. S.A. But all hoofed mammals were completely removed from the larger areas to their original places in 1800s. In the east, there is no evidence about it that how many of them were searched out and destroyed completely by hunters (Brian Czech, Paul R. Kraus man, Center for American Places). Animals surely get diseases due to changes in environment or weather. Those animals which were used to export may have diseases in them. So they were kept in isolation, away from other animals to cure them from diseases. But those animals which were illegally moved from one country to another may carry diseases and not be cured.Some diseases include a large risk of life that they can finish numerous of animals. Like in Tasmania, h alf world’s mammals were killed by certain disease. These mammals were only found in Tasmania. Later on, scientists have discovered that those diseases that are new or moved into different areas of cities or countries are also effecting humans like HIV/AIDS, etc. (Jeanne Nagle). To save wildlife, U. S. Congress in 1973, passed the Endangered Species Act (ESA) which was reauthorized in 1988. The purpose of the (ESA) is to save wildlife species from human dangerous actions.To protect the species and their particular area where they live, all endangered plants and animals were listed by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). In spite of the fact (USFWS) is a part of the department. It had played an important role in conservation of wildlife (Marshall Cavendish Corporation). U. S. Congress decides to take a step of recovery for wildlife animals. The aim is to recover all animals so the protection will be no longer needed in the future. But the main problem was that it will take long time. And due to some factors loss cannot be recovered.But due to joint efforts of USFWS and other agencies they have succeeded in their recovery process. They have stopped the loss of wildlife animals by recovering 99% of animals in the world. Only less than 1% is left that have been listed from 1968 to 1993 that no longer exists (Marshall Cavendish Corporation). In this world, USFWS have managed to save the wildlife animals. But some of them were lost due to our irresponsibility. So it’s time that we also participate in this Endangered Species Act (ESA) with U. S. A. government. Try to protect them from any harm. Watch them to see how they live. Learn about them as much as we can.Tell others about them. Join USFWS and give money to help wildlife species. And to protect them and ourselves form any disease we have to take them to doctor for regular checkup. References Brian Czech, Paul R. Kraus man, Center for American Places Jeanne Nagle Marshall Cavendish Corporat ion Cause and Effect Essay What are the dangers and hazards of Nuclear Power? The misuse of nuclear power was started in 1933. A scientist name Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard made a theory of splitting the atoms to make a chain reaction. He said that by splitting the atoms into chain reaction can release energy that can cause an explosion.In early research, elements of atoms which are naturally unstable were discovered by scientists. These elements act in a process in which they keep changing and sending streams out called Radioactivity. So scientists discovered that these flying particles can be used as tiny missiles by splitting them in several parts. And that’s how invention of bombs was started (Susan M. Freese). Nuclear weapons were used in Second World War on the Japanese in August 1945, while ending the Second World War. This nuclear explosion set a dangerous example of world war. Because it makes people aware about the coming Modern World War.Due to such powerful bom bs humanity becomes unsafe. First the atom bombs were the only most dangerous weapon but now a bomb more powerful than atom bomb has been invented. Although it is too much small but it can cause great damage to humanity (Bernard L. Cohen, Sc. D. Professor at the University of Pittsburgh). In Russia 1986, a powerful nuclear bomb was exploded. This bomb realized the most dangerous rays in atmosphere. Several of peoples died in this attack. And many of them were died due to cancer because of radiation that was spread into the atmosphere. Nuclear weapons contains waste disposal with them.They can kill people when they touch them. That’s why they cannot be thrown like ordinary garbage. So they are stored in special cooling pools (Bianca Arista). In today’s world, 16 countries depend on their nuclear power in which France is on the number one. Nuclear energy has become inexpensive that anybody can buy it and use it for making bombs and other nuclear weapons. Nuclear power ca n cause many different changes in the environment like can have effects on human health. In the near future, it is expected to be cheaper than before (Chaves Jason). The use of nuclear energy nowadays has become too much common.As well as their price are also decreasing. In some countries the rate of crime is increasing day by day. When the nuclear energy start to split it causes a serious damage to earth because of which a natural disaster called earthquake happen. There is no stop to these hazardous powers. But scientists are working on to stop this danger of nuclear power so that they can remove risk of insecurity from people minds. References Susan M. Freese Bernard L. Cohen, Sc. D. Professor at the University of Pittsburgh Bianca Arista Chaves Jason Cause and Effect Essay Why do we sleep? Sleep is necessary for our health.Our body needs rest like it need water, food and oxygen. Humans are not machines. They work 12 hours so they need rest. Even a machine needs to take some rest after 7-8 hours. Many of scientists research on this topic that â€Å"Why do we need sleep? † . Researches have shown to us that when we sleep our body parts which are in pain gets rest (James A. Horne). Whenever we wake up we have more strength and feel better than before. So sleep makes us stronger. While if we won’t get some sleep, our head or body start to pain or we will begin to sleep in a standing or in a sitting position.People need 8 hours to sleep. 8 hours are max for sleep. If a person is getting a sleep 4-5 hours he or she will start confusing, become absentminded and see illusions (Mary L. Gavin, MD). Human brains carries two phase with them. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) and NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) sleep. These two phases have physiological, neurological and psychological structures. In 1960s, two scientists defined a characteristic of sleep. They said that eight hour sleep will give you 5 sleep cycles. They also mentioned that that NREM cycles become s maller and REM sleep rises (Rebecca turner).Lack of sleepiness can cause our brain damages. There is a part of brain which works to control language, memory, planning and sense of time. If we don’t sleep, it will definitely have an effect on that part of our mind. And it doesn’t affect only on that part of our mind but also make us lack of physical and emotional health. In fact sicknesses like if we keep wide-awake our self, our brain starts to blackout and we start to feel doze (Alex West comb, Andrew Green). When we start to sleep our half body between 90-110 minutes is awake and half is as in sleeping position. In this situation, we can get up easily.But after 90-110 minutes, our muscles starts to relax and our body start to sleep. During sleep, if we entered the stage of deep sleep so we usually have some night terrors or sleep walking problems. But some children during a deep sleep get bed-wetting problems (Carlos H. Scheck, M. D. , Carlos Scheck). Sleeping is hea lthy for our body. It gives lots of benefits to us. A good sleep can keep you out of risks. Even avoiding 1 night sleep can make you kind of bad-tempered and awkward. After 5-6 days you will get health problems like illness, headaches and pain in muscles etc.So get some sleep to get ready for next day with more strength and power. References James A. Horne Mary L. Gavin, MD Rebecca turner Alex West comb, Andrew Green Carlos H. Scheck, M. D. , Carlos Scheck Cause and Effects Essay How does Tobacco use affect the human body? Tobacco is made from dried nicotine-rich leaves found in American plant, used for smoking and chewing. Tobacco was not so popular when it was first made. Its journey begins in 1600 from â€Å"BRAZIL†. It was then given in â€Å"ENGLAND† and then to â€Å"TURKEY† and so on. In England 1602, an anonymous doctor wrote â€Å"tobacco is bad for human health.It evaporates man’s unctuous and radical moistures†. And it was proved later t hat what doctor said, was true (Gene Barrio). There are many types of tobacco like, cocaine, hallucinate, nicotine, etc. They are spreading in human’s body with each and every sip they inhale. Inhaling tobacco damage human lungs and make human weak and unhealthy. It reduces human strength and making him addicted to it (Fowler, J. S; Volker, N. D. ). Tobacco plant â€Å"NICOTINE† is a main reason of deaths that are happing in this world. It cause more damage than any others herb. Nicotine contains the most dangerous poisonous oily liquid found in tobacco.As it has a bad effect on human health. At present, 3 million peoples are dying daily by the use of nicotine and if it continues so in the near future 2030, 10 million people will die annually (Fowler, J. S; Volker, N. D. ). Another plant of tobacco is â€Å"HALLUCINATE†. It makes a person to see something which is not actually there. After using it, it makes you aware of somebody’s existence which is not real and doesn’t belong to the physical world. Some examples of it are â€Å"DESERT MIRAGE†, or a â€Å"SOUND† we might have just heard. It also makes a person that everything around him is moving or revolving (Court JA).Third plant of tobacco is cocaine. It is an â€Å"addictive stimulant drug obtained from the leaves of a tropical plant†. This drug is self-administrated in several ways. Many people abuse it by snorting it thorough there nasal sinuses, either alone or with heroin (speedball) mixing in it. It’s another method of administration, which produces its effects more quickly is â€Å"smoking it in with the form of cocaine† (Court JA). In today’s world, tobacco is like a serious problem. People die every day without knowing the cause. And if they know its disadvantage so they don’t know how to stop it.Because it makes them relax, makes them feel what they want to feel. Some people takes these drugs because they want to forget something that happened in their past. I suggest that if we don’t stop now, so in the future there will be no human left on this planet. References Gene Barrio Fowler, J. S; Volker, N. D. Court JA Cause and Effect Essay What are the causes of Tornadoes? Tornadoes are a violent rotating wind storm. They create most powerful winds on the Earth and are capable of destroying anything that comes in their way. A tornado is formed when high and low pressure dash together.There may be local storms too. A typical tornado can be 400-500 feet wide with less than a 1000 thousand feet long and has winds less than 112 miles per hour. Whereas strong tornadoes are a mile wide with strongest winds more than 300-700 miles per hour and can survive more than an hour or 200 miles travelling along with the ground, smashing everything. (Seymour Simon) There are many types of tornadoes like hurricane, storm and typhoon. Hurricane and typhoon have the 200-300 mph speed of winds. Storms that gi ve rise to these tornadoes can cause numerous damages by ruining crops, or throwing things own to the ground at high speed. A biggest rock was found in Coffeyville, Kansas, on September 3, 1970; weighted 1. 67 pounds and was 17. 5 inched around, which was thrown by a storm lifting it above in the sky and then threw it from the sky at high speed (Howard B. Bluestein; Professor of Metrology University of Oklahoma). Many peoples have gone inside these tornadoes but only some of them were able to survive. On June 16, 1928, a man named Will Keller survived the tornado. He said that a twister approached his Kansas farm, Keller saw that something lift him over the ground and move slowly over his head.He reported that â€Å"It was a strong, gassy odor . . . a screaming hissing sound . . . I looked up . . . there was a circular opening in the center of the funnel. . . The walls of this opening were of rotating clouds and the whole was made brilliantly visible by constant flashes of lightnin g which zigzagged from side to side† (Joe Thorn) Later on there are some rules made for providing safety from tornadoes. Those rules for the safety from tornadoes are there must be a basement in house or a building. Or move to small interior room and get under the sturdy piece of furniture.Put as many walls as possible between you and outside. Stay away from windows. Get out of automobiles for shelter (Barry Leonard). There are many safety rules made for these tornadoes. Warnings were also given by forecasters. But these warnings or safety rules cannot save our lives. There is no perfect rule made up till now. But in the future there is. References Seymour Simon Howard B. Bluestein; Professor of Metrology University of Oklahoma Joe Thorn Barry Leonard Cause and Effect Essay In what ways do Video Games affect children and teenagers? Video games are the games played on a television screen.In the history of video games, the first game which was launched in â€Å"1958† is k nown as â€Å"TENNIS†. It was created by â€Å"William Higginbotham†. In 1972, another game was launched known as â€Å"PONG† which opened the doors for the future games. It was invented by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Danby. In 1975, a game name â€Å"GUN FIGHTER† was released by Tomohiro Nishikado. It was a shooter game. This game opened the doors for America. America uses this game for the Intel 8080 and made it a first game which is used on a microprocessor (By D. B. Weston). After 1990s the changes were made in video games and were continued.Later on, they has emerged computing, art work, 3d effects, graphics and some realistic photographic work by bringing them together. They made crime emerged including highway hijacking, mortal combat, etc. New technologies (games system) take place with improved graphics, speed, increased in CD-ROM capacity, etc. In 1995, it was observed that in homes more than 40% of children demand new games. Then computer games were started to make on a large scale using more machineries. Games started to fill with horror and terrifying imaginaries  (By Barrie Gunter). Young generation starts to become addicted to these video games.With the improvement in video games children start to seem lack in other activities. Young boys and as well as adults were also become a part of it. They were cashed using them to play these games. Different types of areas opened in which games were played. These games started to increase sale. Billions of games were sold in just one second. People start to love this. Because these games make them happy, feel them more excited. But somehow disadvantages were also seen. These games were making young people angrier. They start to become easily annoyed or irritate (By Barrie Gunter).Another disadvantage was these games cause effects on human health. Medical reports have shown that players are suffering from many diseases. According to Loftus (1983), young generations were having cont inuous or long lasting dull pains in their body. Those games in which analogs were used cause effects on skin, joint and muscle problems. When Loftus examined 65% of arcade video games players, they were suffering with â€Å"small bubbles on skin, fingers were filled with thickened and hardened skin, pain in their tissues and were having lack of feeling, thinking, reactions powers† (Barrie Gunter).Video games are harmful for children because they start to neglect from doing educational, social and leisure activities. They start to believe in imaginary world. Always think about something which doesn’t exist in this real world. To stop them from using video games is to involve them in other activities. Make them to participate in social life activities so that they can use their minds in right activity. References D. B. Weston Barrie Gunter Cause and Effect Essay What is stress? Stress is the body's reaction to any change that requires an adjustment or response.The body reacts to these changes with physical, mental, and emotional responses. Many events that happen to you and around you and many things that you do yourself put stress on your body. You can experience stress from your environment, your body, and your thoughts. Stress can be positive. For example, if a person is going to school for first time. So he will be excited but also nervous about being liked or accepted. As a result, a person gets frightened or nervous. Stress becomes negative. For example, if a person moves to new school leaving his good friends.As a result, a person gets headaches or stomachaches (Susan Gregson). Stress can lead to physical symptoms including heart attack/strokes, ulcers, diabetes, angina, cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. Physical disorders like anxiety and depression, including break down (Stephen Palmer). Human body was designed to respond â€Å"short-term† stress. A chronic effect can cause many problems on human body, including all kinds of illness es, syndromes, signs and symptoms (Kate Middleton). Stress also becomes harmful when people use alcohol, tobacco, or drugs to try and relieve their stress.Unfortunately, instead of relieving the stress and returning the body to a relaxed state, these substances tend to keep the body in a stressed state and cause more problems. Over 323,000 people are using heroin and 1. 67 million people are using cocaine in United States because of stress (Ray Goldberg). Stress has become the most serious problem now a day. Many people are disturbed because of it. There is no solution to this problem. Everyday overburden can cause a person into many diseases. So the only solution to this problem is that take only that much work which you can handle by yourself.And try to keep yourself calm. References Susan Gregson Kate Middleton Ray Goldberg Stephen Palmer Narrative Essay What are the ways to speak effectively? Effective communication is a skill which you can learn. It doesn’t matter how ol d you are? Or which kind of background you have? If you have confidence and knowledge you can learn it easily. An effective speaking gives a pleasurable effect to listeners. When you look back in history you can see the effectiveness of their dialogue. For example you can read the speech of the Great Martin Luther, who set out a great example of humanity (Sheryl Lind sell-Roberts).I can share experience of my university. It was the first day of my university when I entered my class room. I see that some of my class fellows were new and some of them were old friends. I introduce myself to new class fellows and as for the old one I reintroduced myself reminding them about our past class. I call my class fellows with their name so that I can remember them. I stand up when someone introduce himself to me, talk to them in good way and ask them about their past experience. Then at the end of my conversation I say good bye to all (Brain Tracy’s Blog).I remember when I was on the gro und floor having fun with my class fellows. I saw a student who was looking similar to me but I couldn’t remember his name. As a result, I wasn’t able to call his name but when I talked to him he told me that he was my school friend. It was the awkward moment for me because I don’t forget anyone. At that day, I promise myself that I will never forget anyone’s name. After that next day when everyone knows about each other, conversation becomes easier. If I want to talk to someone I get his attention first. Facing them and having an eye contact with them makes my message clearer (John A.Kline). Shaking hands before talk give a good impression on someone. I remember that when I was called by administrator in his office to change the card. As I entered the room I greet him without shaking hand. Thus, it gives a wrong impression. So I have to keep it remember that if I meet to someone always shake hand with him first (Jean Bordeaux). These are the effective co mmunication skills that a person needs. This will also help you in your journey. All you need is confidence and knowledge like me. I accept that I had made some mistakes too but it doesn’t make me a bad speaker.So start practicing it to have some new experience in your life. References Sheryl Lind sell-Roberts Brain Tracy’s Blog John A. Kline Jean Bordeaux Narrative Essay Pros and Cons of Teamwork Teamwork needs the organized effort as a group. Teamwork needs the participation of all members in the activity. Without participation team work is useless. To do teamwork all members must be connected with one another so they can communicate. And if one of the team members was informed late or doesn’t get the information at all. So he or she can get all of the other team members into trouble (Price Pritchett).Three years back, I and my team members got a project on â€Å"Govt. vs. public†. So I and my team members decided that we will start our search on projec t next day. Next day in the morning, my whole group was sitting together. They were having a discussion on the project that from where did they start their search? At 8:00 A. M. I come 2 hours late on that day. Although the ideas were too many in mind but I was confused that what should be the perfect idea? But when I shared my ideas with my team members, so some of them worked (Price Pritchett). The first idea of mine was to separate my team members into 2 groups.Group A will research on the role of Government. And group B will have a search on role of public. The second idea of mine was to give these 2 groups eras from 1951-2010. These eras were divided into 2 â€Å"1951-1981 and 1982-2010†. From 1951-1981 was given to the Group A. And the era from 1982-2010 was given to the Group B (Price Pritchett). We have almost 20 days left to complete our search. Search was completed in 12 days. Now we got only 8 days left to practice. So, I went to the teacher to share my idea. She s aid that I can make group to sit in front of each other and then have the discussion.ButIdidn’t agree with that idea of my teacher because on that day we have 1 hour and 30 minutes to talk on that topic. And if we continuously keep talking on one topic so audience will surely get bored. I start thinking and came up with an idea that if I can make a play on that topic, audience will take interest in it (Peter Levin). I and my team members practiced it every day 7-8 hours. I was having a watch on all team members. Because if one of our team members will not participate in group presentation. All what we have done would be for nothing. At last, on that day our play takes an interesting start.My team members were seemed to be very confident on that day. As I thought, audiences were getting into it. And in the end, teacher and everybody who were presented on that day like our role play (Peter Levin). Teamwork is a skill which requires bravery and wisdom. Only a hard worker can lea d a team to success. It needs a lot of courage to lead a team like I have done by understanding and making them believe in their selves. References Price Pritchett Peter Levin Narrative Essay Which types of Shops do you use to buy different things? Why? Shopping is a part of our life because they fulfill our needs.To do shopping you have to go shopping malls. Shopping malls in today’s world are huge. They deliver us everything that we want. Majority of people use to come at weekends like me. Shopping malls sometimes become congested. You can find thousands of shops in just one shopping mall with food and ice-cream shops, theater for movie and play land for children etc. I usually go on shopping with my family. Whenever I go to any shopping mall I use to enjoy myself (Anna Schiff). I and my family go to shopping malls because we get each and every single thing in just one place.And it’s the main advantage. I use to buy branded clothes from showrooms in the malls. Anothe r reason that I use to go shopping malls is that they attract so much. Special arrangements are made like expensive tiles, ponds, fresh flowers, lift, moving stairs, cleaned floors, sitting area for rest and lights give such an impressive view to me that I don’t want to come out (Michelle Gonzalez). There are lots of movies in theater ready to play. All we just have to do is select a movie and buy tickets for it. We usually came to theater after when shopping is finished.But my brother starts arguing with me. Whenever we come to shopping mall, he used to say â€Å"I want to go before the shopping†. Actually he wants all the fun before we can start shopping so he can have more time to play. He always spends money in play land in buying coins to play games in fun land (Cora Molinari). I used to visit mobile shops. I love mobiles because of their advance technology as well as impressive looks. Mobiles are the most advance technology ever created in world. New inventions l ike, touch screen, notebook, android mobiles are available. I want touch and android mobile.Whenever I go to shopping mall I ask my father to buy me a new mobile (Kim France, Andrea Linnet). Shopping malls have become expensive in these days. There is the main reason for it. Sometimes I think that even there is one place left in world where there is no issue of money? Where people are free to buy anything for them at low price? But I can only imagine all of this. So I suggest that always have fun in your life. And if you are not able to buy something from shopping malls so go to shops. References Anna Schiff Michelle Gonzalez Cora Molinari Kim France, Andrea Linnet Compare and Contrast EssayWhat is culture? Describe different types of company’s cultures. A culture is the arts, customs, and institutions of a nation, people, or group. But when we are talking about company culture it is different from the other cultures. It’s about what you have learned from those things which you practice there with other employee’s? Company Culture is entirely different from the hospital culture and university culture. We can understand the culture of company by looking it (Mats Elverson, Per Olaf Berg). There are two types of company culture â€Å"Corporate culture and Organizational Culture†.In Corporate Culture some people states that it is something which describe a business. But the other people view is that it includes employee arrogance, morals, finances and services. In Organizational Culture some people declares that it is about the way in which we do things around business. Whereas others people says that it is about something to do with the superiority and elegance of employees or those people who are there (Mats Elverson, Per Olaf Berg). Organizational Culture types are creating, collaborating, controlling and compete (Cameron, Kim S. and Quinn, Robert).However, Corporate Culture types are core, aspirational, permission-to-play and accide ntal (Mary J. Davis). The first type of Organization is creating in which people says â€Å"having organization highlighting with the change, alteration and organic processes of culture† (Cameron, Kim S. and Quinn, Robert). But in Corporate Culture first type which was core it says â€Å"it is more about values that are untouchable and acutely fixed with the ideologies that lead an employer’s† (Mary J. Davis). Rendering the second type of Organization Culture is control (hierarchy).It says that to share connections with the conventionally large, administrative corporation (Cameron, Kim S. and Quinn, Robert). Nevertheless second Corporate Culture type â€Å"aspirational† it says that those values that a company needs to succeed (Mary J. Davis). According to the third type of Organizational Culture is â€Å"compete (market)†. It is related to relationships, transactions, suppliers, unions, etc. (Cameron, Kim S. and Quinn, Robert). But in the Corporat e Culture type â€Å"permission to play† it relates with lowest negotiating that reflects morals required of any employee (Mary J.Davis). In the fourth type of Organizational Culture which is collaborating. It says that it is more about accentuating suppleness and decision rather than constancy and mechanism of Control and Compete (Cameron, Kim S. and Quinn, Robert). On the other hand the fourth type of Corporative Culture style which is accidental. It says that it can hold the time when beliefs rise (Mary J. Davis). We have discussed two Cultures of a company in detail with their types. So now they depend on person choice that weather he wants to apply Organizational Culture or Corporate Culture in his company.An Organizational culture can bring changes to the policies while a Corporative Culture brings physical changes in people only. References Mats Elverson, Per Olaf Berg Cameron, Kim S. and Quinn, Robert Mary J. Davis Compare and Contrast Essay Which is the most importan t Invention for the last 100 years? Which one do you wish had not been Invented? Science and Technology are changing this world day by day. It brings such a fast change in human life that it doesn’t only change the way of thinking but it also changes human’s life style, educational systems, etc.Science and technology have taught us the way to live our life. It has made our work easy by giving us the technology of machines One machine can do a work of hundred human’s within a second. For example, for fastest growth in agriculture new kinds of seeds, sprays, tractors are used. For fastest transportation trains, ships, air planes, cars, bikes are used. For fastest communication internet, mobiles are used. But the main role is played by computers. As everybody know that computers are the most common and fastest technology used in every home (P. Day). Computers are necessary in today’s life.Without computer we can’t survive. People in the past have a lo t of problems with them. Like in the past the people were disturbed with the use of animal skin, feather, grains, pens, inks, papers and chalk. But now we have to use nothing because of computers we can get all those in just one place. Calculation was the most serious problem in the past. Computer helps us to solve this problem. In bank all electronic fund transferring, maintaining of customer’s account, credits cards, bills payment, transactions, updating of account, are all carried by computer(Gary B.Shelly, Misty E. Vermont). Mobile phone are the another technology as gift of the science. As compared to computers the use of mobile are also common. In past time sometimes you forget your watch. So mobile helped to remove the wristwatch because you can forget your watch but cannot forget your mobile. It acts like your dairy. You can put as much notes as you want. You can call anyone at any time. It’s give you reminder which helps you to wake up in the morning. Calculat or and other extra options are also given to make your work easier.But mobiles now a day are creating problems (Adam Burgess). Cell phones are the part of everyday life for many people. Children, teenagers and adults have different kinds of uses of it. Adults use to stay in touch with business contact. But children, teenagers use to talk or send messages which are not necessary at the moment. In fact, if somebody has a nonstop use of it so they can cause headaches, brain tumors and other effects on health. Even international research has shown to us that mobile phones are damaging to health in the short or long term (George L.Carlo, Polly Thibodaux). Science and technology holds the advantages as well as disadvantages too. It may have transformed our life in modern life. Improve our way of living, public welfares, health and security. Brought many changes in our life but it has also made our life short. It has health effects like tiny size, minor the age, cause us stress, pain in ey e, etc. So we can hope from science and technology for better future but not a safe future. References P. Day Gary B. Shelly, Misty E. Vermont Adam Burgess George L. Carlo, Polly Thibodaux

Emotional, Emotional And Emotional Intelligence - 757 Words

Emotional intelligence is described as the ability for one to know and understand their own emotions as well as the emotions of others. However, understanding or knowing your emotional state is only half of the skill, one must be able to use the emotional information to guide them in there thinking and behavior towards others. As a leader we often don’t take the time to stop and recognize our current emotional state before acting on the situation. I believe this is due to the fact that our emotions and reactions are used so frequently that it becomes a natural habit, much like breathing. Everyone breathes with out ever having to think about it, but when you perform yoga you are asked to control your breathing to help relax your mind and body. Much like yoga, emotional intelligence requires one to first stop and recognize their current state, then based on the current situation, a leader must act effectively, but not in haste. Personally I think this is an area of my leaders hip that I need to work on. Within the last 6 months at my facility we hired a new CNO and during a meeting last month he did a little test on all of the leaders. He told us that an employee was hired to sit with an emotionally unstable patient all night to unsure nothing happened and that the patient didn’t leave. However during the night the employee fell asleep and patient got up out of bed and walked out of the hospital. Our CNO then asked how the group what type of disciplinary actions weShow MoreRelatedEmotional, Emotional And Emotional Intelligence1666 Words   |  7 PagesEmotional intelligence is ‘the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth’ (Mayer Salovey, 1997). Emotional Intelligence is the ability to understand, accept and recognize our own emotions and feelings, i ncluding their impact on ourselves and other people and to use this knowledge to improve our own behaviours as wellRead MoreEmotional, Emotional And Emotional Intelligence1208 Words   |  5 Pages Emotional Intelligence Explained Emotional Intelligence is the capacity to assess, identify and influence the emotions of your own and everyone around you. For an example, a employee could be having difficulty understanding the task at hand instead the manager goes to the employee and identifies the misunderstanding and instead of letting the situation make everyone stress the manager instead reiterated what needs to be done in a simpler way so everyone is clearly aware and understands what toRead MoreEmotional And Emotional Intelligence Assessment1213 Words   |  5 PagesIQ score = 65 Percentile score = 1 Emotional Identification, Perception, and Expression=65 Rumination= 100 Problem-Solving= 18 Positive Mindset= 46 Emotional Reflection = 18 Values Integrity= 68 Emotional Understanding= 47 Emotional Integration = 41 Conflict Management Knowledge= 42 Empathy= 53 Social Insight = 50 Emotional Management= 53 Impulse Control= 72 Self-Control= 26 Resilience/Hardiness= 44 Coping Skills= 88 Self-Motivation= 26 Striving=55 Emotional Selectivity = 50 Adaptable Social Skills=Read MoreEmotional Intelligence: Emotional Intelligence Essay1344 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Emotional Intelligence: Emotional Intelligence, or EI, is defined as the ability or capacity to perceive, assess, and manage the emotions of ones self, and of others.ï ¿ ½ Arriving at the Emotional Quotient is the standard means of measuring the Emotional Intelligence of an individual. | The importance of EQ in the workplace: In recent times behavioral scientists around the world have arrived at the conclusion that IQ alone is not the primary factor that leads to better performing managersRead MoreEmotional Intelligence1149 Words   |  5 PagesEmotional Intelligence EDUCATION 2: Facilitating Learning INSTRUCTOR: Mrs. Sheryl Ann Perciano Submitted By: Hazel P. Villegas Maria Dolores L. Comighod BEED- Content Course [ II-D ] Individuals have many similar characteristics but they too differ in many respects. One of these individual differences is the intellectual differences which also refers to the intelligence. Intelligence is the general capacity of a person to adjust consciously his thinking to a new requirement. ItRead MoreEmotional Intelligence2094 Words   |  9 PagesThe Five Competencies of Emotion Intelligence With the publication of Daniel Goleman’s book Emotional Intelligence in 1995, the business world got an answer to a question that had been plaguing it for decades: â€Å"Why did some people of a high IQ struggle at managing teams while other leaders of lower IQ excel at it†? Goleman asserted that the traditional measurement of IQ (intelligence quotient) was not enough to determine a good leader. Schools and universities concentrated on developing the cognitiveRead MoreEmotional Intelligence. I View Emotional Intelligence As1238 Words   |  5 PagesEmotional Intelligence I view Emotional intelligence as being able to keep my emotions in check, making sure they are appropriate, and that I am handling situations in the best emotional manner possible. Our emotional intelligence or lack there of, can significantly impact our future work relationships, and personal relationships. How we emotionally interpret information we are given and then process it for each situation we face is totally up to us. I encountered a situation last semester thatRead MoreEmotional Intelligence15079 Words   |  61 PagesAn investigation of the employee perceptions on the relationship between employee job satisfaction and the leader’s emotional intelligence among the workers of Eskom in Alice Town 1 INTRODUCTION For organisations to survive in today’s changing world they should maintain their competitive advantage through the use of the whole workforce. In order for the change to take place, the employees, and the leaders should be adaptive to the environment, effective working and the continuous improvement ofRead MoreEmotional Intelligence7706 Words   |  31 PagesESSAY No. 19: EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE This assessment pertains to my personal emotional intelligence. This assessment aims to examine the four dimensions of my emotional ability and capacity based on Tapia’s emotional intelligence inventory chart. This assessment also aims to pinpoint the strong and weak points of my personal emotional behaviors especially in my daily encounter with the people inside and outside my organization. Based on the chart my scores for the four emotional dimensions are:Read MoreEmotional Intelligence ( Eq ) And Emotional Quotient Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesBobby Lindsey Mrs. Ehlers CollegeNow Comp 151 18 September 2016 Emotional Intelligence Many people ponder about the question â€Å"What is Emotional Intelligence (EI) or Emotional Quotient (EQ) and how is it different from Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?† Many people know about Intelligence Quotient or IQ and they probably hope to have a high one, but they may not realize there is also something called EQ and it plays a role in people’s lives every day. EQ is an important concept to learn and understand

“Employee Recognition in Relation to Motivation Theories”

Abstract Employee motivation is a topic widely researched noting numerous motivational theories and concepts. Similarly there has been much discussion on the many factors that influence an employee’s level of motivation. Those factors include monetary rewards, employee involvement, training development, employee recognition programs, etc. This paper will discuss review motivational theories developed based on the concept of â€Å"needs† and other motivational philosophies, as well as discuss the correlation between the motivational theories and employee recognition. Introduction The term â€Å"motivation†, which is defined using various terminologies, is often used to describe different types of behavior. Motivation is the â€Å"internal state or the†¦show more content†¦In this positive view, McGregor identifies that employees regard work as a natural activity. (Robbins, 2005) This premise led to the belief that motivation occurs due to an individuals’ drive to satisfy their needs. McGregor identified those managers of Theory Y type employees believed that people inherently like to work. A result of this belief the manager pushes more responsibility on the employee in an attempt shape employee’s goals to align with the organization. Following the steps of Maslow and McGregor, Frederick Herzberg developed a motivational theory based on the â€Å"needs† concept. Trying to answer the question â€Å"what do people want from work†, he developed the â€Å"Two Factor† theory. (Robbins, 2005) Based up on his studies he believed that satisfaction and dissatisfaction at work arose from different factors, and was not simply opposing reactions. Hygiene needs are defined as company policy, work conditions, relationship with supervisor, and salary by Herzberg. He believed that people strive to achieve hygiene needs because without them they are unhappy, but once satisfied the effect will wear off. End result or meaning is that satisfaction is temporary. This factor indicates that people are not motivated by addressing these hygiene needs, fulfillment just appeases the individual. Herzberg’s second factor is identifying â€Å"motivators†, suggesting that individuals areShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Behavioural Theories Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pages Organisational Behavioural Theories Organisational theory is the idea and principle about how the work could be done by investigating through different perceptive. Throughout the last century, scholars, psychologists and behaviour scientists have contributed in developing of new theories for the organisations to achieve more by allocating their workers to make more productive and most of those theories did well in old times. But at the turn of the next century, thing haveRead MoreFrederick Herzbergs Theory Of Motivation And Employee Dissatisfaction959 Words   |  4 PagesTwo-Factor Theory This theory is described as the most influential theory relevant to work redesign, and it has prompted a great deal of research and inspired several successful change projects involving the redesign of work (Hackman, 1976). Frederick Herzberg’s theory of motivation is based on two factors; hygiene factors and motivators (Gulati at el., 2014). Herzberg discovered that employees tended to describe satisfying experiences in terms motivators and included things like achievement,Read MoreTypes of Motivation1118 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation is defined as the accumulation of different process which influence and direct our behavior to achieve a goal (Negussie, 2012). According to Deci, there are two broad classes of motivation, which are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. He states: â€Å"A person is intrinsically motivated if he performs an activity for no apparent reward except the activity itself. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation refers to the performanc e of an activity because it leads to external rewardsRead MoreWhat Role Would Money Play in: (a) the Hierarchy-of-Needs Theory1070 Words   |  5 Pageshierarchy-of-needs theory; (b) the motivation-hygiene theory; (c) the equity theory; and (d) the expectancy theory? Answer: A1. What role would money play in: (a) the hierarchy-of-needs theory; (b) the motivation-hygiene theory; (c) the equity theory; and (d) the expectancy theory Money plays different roles in different theories. (a) For the Hierarchy-of-needs Theory, Maslow has set upRead MoreMotivation, The, Health, And Wellness Company Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pages2.5 motivational internal - Charlotte Cowie Motivation is the will to work. This comes from the enjoyment of the work itself and/or from the desire to achieve certain goals. There are many ways in which a manager goes about increasing motivation to improve many aspects of the business such as efficiency. My chosen business to study is Nestle. Nestle is the world s leading Nutrition, Health and Wellness company. Nestlà © New Zealand is a subsidiary of Nestlà © SA, www.nestle.com. Within the New ZealandRead MoreMotivational Theories on How to Manage Employees1640 Words   |  7 PagesToday there are many different motivational theories that have shaped the organizational perspective on how to manage and motivate employees. These theories offer explanations of employee behaviors and present strategies that focus on aiding employees in achieving their potential. Due to the variety of factors that play into motivation and the complexity of the task itself, organizations will find achieving ideal performance to be a difficult tas k. Determining what motivates each individual is notRead MoreMotivation of Workers Essay1061 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation of Workers Having a motivated workforce is vital for most businesses, since it can lead to higher rates of productivity, better quality output, and low rates of absenteeism and labour turnover. The main factors which affect the motivation of workers are pay levels, job security, promotional prospects, being given responsibilities, working conditions, fringe benefits, participation in decision-making and working in a team. Motivational Theories Read MoreEmployee Retention Practices And Motivation Theories865 Words   |  4 PagesWeek 3 reading was related to motivation theories and explained the employee motivation affects on employee retention. Reading, examines how developing and implementing employee retention practices create a competitive advantage. This reading provides a connection between the effective employee retention practices and motivation theories as well as how these efforts serve as a strategy to increasing organizational performance. Also, making the case for financial importance in maintaining suchRead MoreEmployee Satisfaction Variables Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesEmployee Satisfaction Variables Employee Satisfaction: Employee satisfaction is considered to be a key indicator of productivity and customer satisfaction. Employee satisfaction is a key to the success of the organization. The Companys ability to fulfill the physical, emotional, and psychological needs of its employees is employee satisfaction. Satisfaction: Satisfaction is the psychological state that indicates how a person feels about his or her situation, based on an evaluation ofRead MoreAn Article The Fortune 100 And Their Fitness And Wellness Programs1272 Words   |  6 Pagesgender equality, good and flexible work organization permitting better reconciliation of working and personal life, lifelong learning, health and safety at work, employee involvement and diversity in working life.† (2012) . In an article The Fortune 100 and their Fitness and Wellness Programs, we can find the examples of such managerial attitude. For instance, Walmart provides its 1.1 million associates and family members with health care plans with access to affordable, comprehensive medical coverage

Sociology and Air Force Essay - 1046 Words

SOCIO-AUTOBIOGRAPHY CHRISTOPHER PERSING February 9, 2014 PROFESSOR J. JOHNSON The older and more grounded I become in the middle age phase of my life, the more aware I am of the person I have become and how the choices made both myself and my family have formed what is known as â€Å"My Life†. My family traditions, upbringing and values have influenced my biological, cultural views and values allowing me to formulate a life, principles, and a family similar in some aspects to my family, who raised me, while other aspects are astoundingly different. With my life and career goals very different from that of my parents’ lives and their expectations these influences by class, culture, and ethical teachings are†¦show more content†¦To further monopolize more of my mothers’ time, she felt it necessary to play her maternal roll and had a fifth child nine years later. (TCO 1, 2, 3, 4,5) Growing older through my adolescent and teen years and trying to escape the shadows of three older brothers and a younger sister, I forged the wrong path academically, while looking for acceptance from peers which usually resulted with hanging with the wrong crowd. I fortunately developed good work ethic and habits because my father insisted we all work during the summer months to minimize the possibility of, kids being kids, and me getting into trouble. Upon graduating high school, by the skin of my teeth, I entered the Air Force. The Air Force hierarchy and structure reinforced and further instilled society’s views of conformity through rules and regulations. Protocols such as, the â€Å"Military Chain of Command†, allowed me to mature and changed my very sheltered views of society altering my perspective of society both national and globally. (TCO 3,4,5,6) My new travels, endeavors and encounters, throughout the world, during my military years opened my eyes to the gender, religious and racial discrimination people encounter. These views and encounters I experienced further engrained in me that if I wanted more out of life for myself, or for that matter my family later in life, I would have to have my own business. In doing this it, would afford me the ability to prosper in a capitalistic society andShow MoreRelatedSociology and the Education System in America Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pages The definition of Sociology is that it is the study of human societies through the synthesis of theoretical analysis and controlled research, focusing on the social patterns and forces that influence humans. The study of sociology is the issues, concepts, investigations, and more importantly, the systematic study of relationships among people. While the study of sociology focuses on groups, or society as a whole, it should not exclude an emphasis on individuals because individuals formsRead MoreFord Was An Unethical Leader.He Allowed Himself To Fall1125 Words   |  5 Pages Ford was an unethical leader. He allowed himself to fall into the ethical trap of â€Å"Worry over Image† with his alteration of the $5 Day policy and his creation of the Ford Sociology Department. â€Å"Ethical traps stem from confusion or uncertainty as to what action or behavior should be taken in a given situation. The ethical trap â€Å"Worry over Image† entails making decisions based on how they’ll impact your reputation or standing among peers, subordinates, supervisors, or community. Concerns aboutRead MoreHow I Understand Modernity As Well As The Emergence Of Sociology Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagesmaking of the modern world. In this paper I will outline how I understand modernity as well as the emergence of sociology. I will provide a brief history of social theories and the development of concepts such as race that came out of modernity and sociology thereafter addressing the impact it had on colonial and apartheid South Africa. I will talk about what it means to decolonize sociology of post-apartheid South Africa using examples as I go. It is believed that over 500 years ago the way humanRead MoreIn This Class I Have Learned That Sociology Is Everywhere.1227 Words   |  5 PagesIn this class I have learned that sociology is everywhere. I got a better understanding of how our life chances and shape by social structure and how it could have affected our self and society. We get understand where the people come from and understanding of behaviors and struggles of other people. We all watch movies right? Well in the movies they also replicate and show the understand of sociology even the movies that are base on true story. I watched two different movies such as â€Å"Stand and Deliver†Read MoreDiverse Personal Encounters With Non State Armed Actors1067 Words   |  5 Pagessocial support into effective forms of local governance? Where does group criminality cross the line to become a legitimate security threat? In an idealized world, it is easy to surmise that military force should effectively mitigate these groups’ effects and reaffirm a state’s monopoly on the use of force. But how does one realign incentives if violence is fragmented among groups that usurp powers typically reserved for states? These questions now form the overarching themes of my research agendaRead MoreSmoking in Public: Banned or Allowed885 Words   |  4 Pagessecond hand smoke. Can the option of smoking be left up to the public rather or not an individual should smoke in public. Where does the line end in the rights of a person the right to inhale clean air, the right to excise your right to smoke in public? Non-Smokers have the right to smoke free clean air environment, and smokers have a personal right to smoke in designated smoking areas. In this research paper I will talk about the controversy issue of second-hand smoke in public places and the privilegeRead MoreSocial Problems; Sociology of the Workplace946 Words   |  4 PagesFull name SOC-220 Social Problems October 21, 2011 Instructor name Sociology of the Workplace We might have been equal around 200B.C. but those days are over. Political control, unequal income and unequal status changed the way American families had to break away for economic independency due to the massive industrialization. Jobs and careers are a core value in American society (Macionis 2008). Two revolutions, Industrial and Information, changed the workplace for most Americans, creatingRead MoreSociology as a Perspective 1332 Words   |  6 Pagessociological imagination, which was coined by C Wright Mills to illustrate the type of insight brought by the field of sociology (Isaksen undated). These concepts enlighten people’s understanding on the interactions between history and biography. Sociological imagination is based on the individual’s capability to be objective and understand the link between social structures, forces and agents. It enables people to understand that all social structures influence each other; therefore no social structureRead MoreSociological Theories Of Global Climate Change1611 Words   |  7 Pages 2. Sociological Theories of Global Climate Change Sociological knowledge on global climate change has its roots in environmental sociology - a specialty field that developed in reaction to increased social awareness of environmental problems in the 1970s. Environmental sociologists examine and theorize the complex and multifaceted relationship between human beings and their natural environments, including the question: why do social systems tend to exceed their ecological carrying capacities (NagelRead MoreThe Army s Education Of Field Grade Officers1389 Words   |  6 Pagesand individual actors; the value of an object and effort to expend in its pursuit; and the overall organization and employment of military force. The discussion begins by providing the theoretical foundations that led to the notion of strategic culture before turning to its practical use, and limitations. During the 1920s, Max Scheler coined the term â€Å"sociology of knowledge†. He emphasized that knowledge comes from experience and history. This knowledge appears to the individual as the natural way

Marketing Consumer Behaviour Of Organization - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Consumer Behaviour Of Organization. Answer: Introduction Consumer behaviour is a vital aspect of marketing and needs to be understood in the broader terms. It is the study regarding approaches or factors guiding decision making in the target customer segment. It is necessary to understand the driving factors behind particular customer choices over others. This helps in the development of suitable action strategy for pitching a product right. The analysis of the consumer behaviour not only helps in analysing the past but also helps on predicting the future. The factors influencing customer choices could be divided into a number of components such as- geographic, demographic, psychological and behavioural. In the current report we have tried to relate the importance of consumer behaviour within the business prospects. For the discussion of the report we have taken into consideration Square and compass which is a Melbourne based coffee and food restaurant ("Square Compass", 2018). Consumer behaviour The decisions and actions which influence the purchasing behaviour of a target customer base is known as consumer behaviour. Most of the selection process is backed by emotions and reasoning. Some of the most common factors influencing consumer choices and decision making are economic conditions, personal preferences, opinions of peers. Economic condition serves as a guiding factor in dictating consumer choices. As commented by Chung et al. ( 2017), the capacity of making purchases is often restricted by poor or limited economy. Therefore, indulging in an espresso which costs anywhere between 4-5 dollars may not be a convenient option where the family is looking out for a cheap grocery. As argued by Kerins et al. (2017), personal preferences often govern the customer choices and behaviour while choosing over a range of products and services. For example, a person simply love espresso over simple black coffee and may choose the same irrespective of the prices. As argued by Astuti Hanan (2016), the opinions of the peers are also important in choosing particular products or services. As commented by Chung et al. (2017), negative publicity about brand or its services can also prevent the maximum sales of the services. Additionally, the dependency on social media for collecting reviews about products and services provides a much wide forum for the consumers; where they are exposed to the opinions of others which further goes into making the purchase plan. There are a number of theories guiding consumer behaviour such as theory of reasoned action; Engel, kollet, Blackwell (EKB) model; Hawkins stern impulse buying behaviour. The theory of reasoned action states that the customer will only plan to indulge in particular products and services when they can expect a positive outcome out of it. As commented by Yeboah Owusu-Prempeh (2017), the consumers are the rational actors who choose to acts in their best interests. However, as argued by Alphonce, Alfnes Sharma (2014), from the time of decision making to the actual purchase time the consumer have the propensity to change their mind about using specific purchases. The EKB model further expands the theory of reasoned action which explains the selective approach of the customers while making the purchases. The first step is where the customer collects sufficient data about particular services before processing of the information. As commented by Lo, Wu, Law Au (2014), the costumers move into decision making phase based on rationale. The decision making is also influenced by process variables including the after satisfaction rate of the customers after making the purchase. With respect to the current scenario the theory of impulse buying can be highlighted. As commented by Gelbric, Roschk Gafeeva (2016), impulse purchases are driven by external stimulus and have no relation with traditional aspects of decision making. For example placing an order for medium sized pizzas worth rupees 199 at dominos a taco Mexicana is offered free which is quite an indulging deal. Additionally, offering of attractive coupons, discounts such as cashback on every purchase at a food court are some of the marketing gimmick that can appeal to the impulses of individual customers. Importance of consumer behaviour for organizations The marketers can use the theory in their favour where they can associate a purchase with a specific and positive outcome. The theory of reasoned action also helps the marketers in understanding that longer the gap between the initial desire and making the actual purchase the more are the chances of losing the customer (Kerins et al., 2017). With respect to the EKB model the marketers need to provide the customers with sufficient information regarding the products. This helps in keeping the products under consideration for purchase. For example a restaurant in order to attract maximum number of customers would need to invest in marketing gimmicks and advertisements. Here, the sumptuous meals prepared by the restaurant can be pitched to the customers based upon the feel and culture of the specific region. This is help in attracting maximum number of customers to the restaurant time and again. The consumer behaviour is highly important with respect to an organization. The focus on consumer help in developing the business practices. As commented by Aday Yener (2014), consumer behaviour is highly complex and dynamic in nature. During the process of buying a product or selecting services the consumer go through a number of psychological processes in their mind which dictate their actual purchase behaviour. As argued by Gelbrich, Roschk, Gafeeva (2016), the personality traits are also imperative in guiding the decision making approaches. The pragmatic people would purchase what is useful and necessary. With respect to a restaurant selling food one can say that the pragmatic people will choose a basic and healthy meal than a luxurious and sumptuous meal. An aesthetically inclined customer will be drawn towards the look of the product than its contents. However as argued by Wikstrm, , Williams, Verghese Clune (2014), it is difficult to convince the intellectually inclined cus tomers to buy out a certain product. As they mostly want to know regarding the benefits of the product or collect much knowledge regarding the positive reviews associated associated with the product before they could make the purchase. A huge part of their mentality is affected by peer responses. Therefore, the organization needs to develop a positive image about itself. Recent studies have established that the consumer takes less than 20 minutes time in deciding about the products or services that they want to buy (Gelbric, Roschk Gafeeva, 2016). Therefore, the marketers need to be selective as well as line up maximum diversity in promoting their services. Additionally, 58% of the purchases are unplanned which means that maximum time the customers are buying more out of impulses than out of needs (Aday Yener, 2014). Therefore, understanding the decision making approaches of the customer will help in maximization of the sale and the profit margins. Consumer profile The profile of a customer helps in describing the target customer segments categorically so that they can be grouped for advertising and marketing purposes. The services and products can be tailor made to satisfy individual needs and demands. As commented by Ye, Cronin Peloza (2015), before pitching of the products it is necessary to design suitable customer profile. The consumers of the square and compass restaurant have been identified based on a number of features such as preference, lifestyle, stage of life, attribute and traits. The customer profile can be further divided into primary and secondary segments. Primary segment The primary segment refers to the target market from where majority of the revenue from sales could be extracted. It focuses on marketing efforts where maximum amount of returns could be obtained. Geographic The primary target customer for the square and compass restaurant are the residents of East Melbourne Demographic They are mostly customers within age group of 18-30. Psychographic An overall positive opinion about the square and compass restaurant attracts the maximum number of customers. Additionally, the contemporary feel of the place attracts huge number of youth customers Behavioural The customers mostly within the young age group have been seen to be impulsive buyers and are aesthetic buyers who choose a product over their looks and feel than health benefits or nutritional value. Table 1: Primary segment target customers (Source: author) Figure 1: primary customer segment (Source Lo, Wu,Law, R Au, 2014) Analysis: The residents of the East Melbourne form the primary market consumers which could be attributed to feasibility of location ("Square Compass", 2018). The suitable and convenient location of the square and compass restaurant on the Clarendon Street makes it one of the most visited restaurants. Additionally, the place is mostly visited by the youth owing to its contemporary feel and look. The open spaces and the plenty of activities available make it one of the favourite hangout places for the youth. The aesthetic feel of the place also attracts huge number of target customer. The segmentation is further based upon the four Ps of marketing which are product, price, place and promotion. The promotions of the product, the prices as well as the location are some of the major contributors (Namkung Jang, 2017). Since the customer profile hitting the square and compass restaurant are mostly youths or young adults, price as well as place of the business outlet are some of the governing facto rs (Kang, Jun Arendt, 2015). Secondary segment Geographic The secondary target market is located within greater Melbourne and adjacent areas. Demographic They are mostly customers within the age group of 33-65. Psychographic Opinion of peers or reviews collected from social media sites influence the buying behaviour of the secondary target customer base. Behavioural The manner of making choices is influenced by the peer opinions. The nature of selection is guided by intellectual abilities where the health and nutritional aspects are taken into consideration before making a purchase. Table 2: secondary segment target customers (Source : author) Figure 2 : market segmentation (Source : Alphonce, R., Alfnes, F., Sharma, 2014) Analysis: The secondary target market consists of the ones residing in greater Melbourne and adjacent areas. These customers fall within the age group of 33-65 and mostly hit the place based upon the reviews and opinions of their peers and the collective reviews over the social media sites ("Square Compass", 2018). Since the customers fall within the middle age group they apply intellectual abilities in making the purchase decisions (Oliver, 2014). These are based upon collective reviews of peers and the amount of positive publicity done regarding the square and compass restaurant. Therefore, the promotional aspects form a very important component of business growth and profitability. Therefore, the management at the square and compass restaurant need to focus upon the marketing gimmicks where promotion of the sumptuous menu choices offered by the restaurant can be done over apps such as Zomato. Additionally, a link to the menu of the restaurant has also been pasted over their facebook and in stagram pages. Issue identification Some of the issues which have been found with respect to the square and compass restaurant situated in Melbourne are threats from similar market players in a highly competitive market. Additionally, labour and shortage in the number of international chefs are affecting the productivity of the Australian restaurants at large scale (Sethna Blythe, 2016). The square and compass restaurant stands at no exception. One of the dominant issues which are faced by the square and compass restaurant apart from cut-throat competition and labour shortage is the lack of adequate finances. In the lack of finances managing the day-to day operations of the restaurant becomes difficult (Lehman, Kovcs Carroll, 2014). Additionally, the entry of new restaurateurs in the emerging market scenario puts excessive pressure on the existing ones. The new entrants could come out with marketing gimmicks which may affect important parameters such as customer loyalty. Conclusion The square and compass restaurant constantly needs to renew its services and policies to attract the maximum number of customer base. Additionally, focusing upon the consumer buyer behaviour helps in improving the business sense and ethics. This further helps in expanding the future customer profile. Moreover, economy, personal preferences, opinions of the peers are further instrumental in affecting the customer buying behaviour and approaches. In addition the geographic, demographic, psychologic and behavioural aspects further govern the decision making. Additionally, promotions and strategic planning are some of the other aspects which can help in expanding the target market based upon customer preferences. References Aday, M. S., Yener, U. (2014). Understanding the buying behaviour of young consumers regarding packaging attributes and labels.International journal of consumer studies,38(4), 385-393. DOI: 10.1111/ijcs.12105 Alphonce, R., Alfnes, F., Sharma, A. (2014). Consumer vs. citizen willingness to pay for restaurant food safety.Food Policy,49, 160-166. Retreived from : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.06.009 Astuti, S., Hanan, H. (2016). The Behaviour of Consumer Society in Consuming Food at Restaurants and Cafes.Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies,1(1), 71-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v1i1.173 Chung, N., Chung, N., Song, H. G., Song, H. G., Lee, H., Lee, H. (2017). Consumers impulsive buying behavior of restaurant products in social commerce.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,29(2), 709-731. Retreived from : https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2015-0608 Gelbrich, K., Roschk, H., Gafeeva, R. (2016). A Cross-National Observation of Counter-Cultural Consumer Behaviour.Marketing ZFP,38(3), 150-162. DOI: 10.15358/0344-1369-2016-3-150 Kang, J., Jun, J., Arendt, S. W. (2015). Understanding customers healthy food choices at casual dining restaurants: Using the ValueAttitudeBehavior model.International Journal of Hospitality Management,48, 12-21. Retreived from : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.04.005 Kerins, C., Cunningham, K., Finucane, F. M., Gibson, I., Jones, J., Kelly, C. (2017). Effects of an icon-based menu labelling initiative on consumer food choice.Perspectives in public health,137(1), 45-52. Retreived from : https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1757913916640826 Lehman, D. W., Kovcs, B., Carroll, G. R. (2014). Conflicting social codes and organizations: Hygiene and authenticity in consumer evaluations of restaurants. Management Science,60(10), 2602-2617. Retreived from : https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.1903 Lo, A., Wu, J., Law, R., Au, N. (2014). Which promotion time frame works best for restaurant group-buying deals?.Tourism Recreation Research,39(2), 203-219. Retreived from : https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2014.11081767 Namkung, Y., Jang, S. (2017). Are consumers willing to pay more for green practices at restaurants?.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,41(3), 329-356. Retreived from : https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1096348014525632?journalCode=jhtd Oliver, R. L. (2014).Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Abingdon: Routledge, pp.225-351. Retreived from : https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=TzrfBQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Oliver,+R.+L.+(2014).+Satisfaction:+A+behavioral+perspective+on+the+consumer.++Routledge.ots=LpMAhOReSvsig=c9QrUvHKwx3ZXDvGlvNOhlVXDyY#v=onepageqf=false Sethna, Z., Blythe, J. (2016).Consumer behaviour. London:Sage, pp. 127-236. Retreived from : https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=xcvBDAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Sethna,+Z.,+%26+Blythe,+J.+(2016).+Consumer+behaviour.+Sage.ots=xQlZDbJuXfsig=4IHOTk7h73kFZB1kxCM2nKp4bRo#v=onepageq=Sethna%2C%20Z.%2C%20%26%20Blythe%2C%20J.%20(2016).%20Consumer%20behaviour.%20Sage.f=false Squareandcompass.com.au. Retrieved 8 January 2018, from https://squareandcompass.com.au/ Wikstrm, F., Williams, H., Verghese, K., Clune, S. (2014). The influence of packaging attributes on consumer behaviour in food-packaging life cycle assessment studies-a neglected topic.Journal of Cleaner Production,73, 100-108. Retreived from : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.042 Ye, C., Cronin, J. J., Peloza, J. (2015). The role of corporate social responsibility in consumer evaluation of nutrition information disclosure by retail restaurants.Journal of Business Ethics,130(2), 313-326. Retreived from : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-014-2230-8 Yeboah, A., Owusu-Prempeh, V. (2017). Exploring the Consumer Impulse Buying Behaviour from a Range of Consumer and Product Related Factors.International Journal of Marketing Studies,9(2), 146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v9n2p146Square Compass. (2018).

The origins of English Drama Essay Example

The origins of English Drama Essay The Origins of Drama: an Introduction The word drama comes from the Greek meaning to act, do or perform, and It Is In the several subtle and diverse meanings of to perform that drama can be said to have begun. All communities accept that their later drama has roots in prehistory. Anthropologists have shown that primitive societies used (and in certain cases still use) role-playing in teaching the codes and behavior required to live and survive in that society; for example, to teach the skills needed in knowing what and how to hunt, the making and use of weapons and the rules of warfare. Performance could be involved in oral repetition to teach the laws and social customs, while enactment of mythical or historical episodes perpetuates and transmits what is thought important to maintain In the race-memory of the tribe. Most early societies lived by a seasonal cycle, a regular pattern allied to the movements of the sun or moon, and perhaps related to the movement of prey, or to seedtime and harvest, and drama was especially Important In devising rituals to deal with the Inexplicable, the changing seasons, the natural phenomena of night and day, or the waxing and waning of the non. We will write a custom essay sample on The origins of English Drama specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The origins of English Drama specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The origins of English Drama specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Without propitiation with certain symbolic ceremonial safeguards or sacrifices, the sun might not rise again, the crops might fail. All humankind has, and had, concerns with life and death and has evolved ceremonies and rituals to help deal with the perennial questions of where did I come from? and where do I go after death? These were usually answered by some kind of belief in an outside power, an almighty being or beings, to give the hope of an after-life, to avoid extinction at death. Thus the invention of gods happened to provide a liaison between this world and the ext and societal rituals would encompass Joy, hope, and renewal, or death, despair and foreboding. Omens became important and had to be Interpreted by wise men, perhaps Involving Impersonation, and disguise, In punctiliously performed ceremonies to appease or placate the gods. Rules for communal living would gradually be agreed: incest might be banned, but witchcraft allowed within given limits; murder be condoned for some offences but avenged for others. Most societies would include rituals of purification, perhaps for menstruating women or after childbirth, and ordeals for children to undergo in order to attain adulthood and acceptance into full membership of the community. And all this would be taught and learnt through oral tradition, through story-telling and through performances and enactments passed down from generation to generation. All societies seem to have had these ritual traditions in one form or another from which spoken drama often, but not always, emerged. It is these ritual and community roots that later dramatists have drawn on In trying to express humanity concern with life and death In both tragedy and comedy. In the early communities everyone was Involved In the drama f a ceremonial ritual, perhaps with Impersonation and Identification with priestly roles, or as characters depicted in enactments, or simply as celebrants but it was when the occasion became a performance by some in front of others as an entertainment. However since the sixteenth century, the two terms have become synonymous with both words loosely understood as meaning the representation of a story enacted by actors in front of an audience. Most communities have some mention of folk drama derived from oral storytelling becoming a narrative in dialogue, but by its nature oral storytelling is mostly unrecorded, and histories are parse and fragmentary. It is thought that music and dance associated with death and rejuvenation is represented in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs from around BEECH but little more is known about Egyptian practices. Although Herodotus wrote about an Egyptian temple ceremony involving a mock battle, and implies this was an annual event, nothing is known about any spoken drama. In China music is believed to have existed in BEECH, scribes wrote of rituals and religious worship accompanied by music and dance from BEECH, and of emperors who were reproved for enjoying theatrical performances by actors. However, written classical Chinese poetic drama is only recorded from the sass BCC. In India the beginnings of spoken drama are uncertain but it is also thought to have derived from earlier dramatic dances and mimes related to ancient rituals and seasonal celebrations, and to have appeared about the same time as the Greeks began writing their plays. Some authorities suggest Indian dramatic writings were influenced by the influx of Greek culture after the invasion by Alexander the Great in BEECH. For Greece, and in particular Athens, is credited with the beginnings of performing plays in front of an audience as we understand them today. Greek Drama We have many of the texts of actual plays performed in Greece from around BEECH. Knowledge of them became widespread because European culture was founded on the classical authors of Greece and Rome. From the Renaissance until the twentieth century a formal education in a European school was based on, or at least included, Latin authors such as Virgil and Cicero, and plays by Seneca and Terrace. The Greek texts used included stories from The Iliad and The Odyssey by Homer; and many of the plays first performed centuries before by Aeschylus and Aristotelian, Sophocles and Meander, as well as the writings of philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. The performances of plays in the Greek culture were as part of a religious festival not in the sense of a ritual offering of an art in the form of drama but as a celebration with and for the god. Slowly the drama was becoming theatre with the God as the most important spectator. Usually, but not exclusively the performance was for the god Dionysus, and it is believed the theatre developed from the Dionysian cult- festivals and the seasonal celebrations and rituals for crop sowing and harvesting. Some of the earliest representations of theatrical performance from the 6th century BCC show actors dressed as animals or birds. We know a little of how Dionysus may have been worshipped from Aristotelian play Chariness in which he mocks a peasant familys Dionysian feast. They recite a prayer and then the family walks in the sacrifice, a slave carrying a phallus, the father singing a bawdy phallic song, the wife watching from the house roof. This gives us prayer, a procession, the diathermy (a certain kind of rough lyric verse) and the sacrifice, which may have originally been a man but later became a goat and then fruit or other foodstuff. Occasionally the procession was combined with the symbolic wedding of the wife of a leading citizen to Dionysus in the temple. Dionysus was represented in person at this time as a bearded long-haired mature man with two little horns on his forehead as a sign of unbounded energy. This later became a sign for adultery. The crown of ivy and the burgeoning thirsty (a ritual staff of narthexs or fennel twined with and vine leaves and capped with a pine cone) showed he was not affected by seasonal changes. In procession he was preceded by virgins and followed by Bacchanals dressed as satyrs in goatskins, or in wine-stained garments and with faces smeared with wine dregs. Some of the Bacchanals represented the dead with horrifying death masks and grave loathes. The popular name for the satyrs was traits, which means goat; they sang a tragic or goat song from which eventually came tragedy. Dramatic songs and dances were performed at the sacrificial site, the temple. In parallel with this solemn religious festival there grew up the comic phallic sports, with choruses of young men coming after the official procession, often in their chariots, singing improvised, witty, and probably bawdy, songs. The young men were called cosmos and their songs were called comedies. It is believed that drama developed from narrative songs in the diathermy verse, first even by a single person and later performed by a chorus. At first there was no identification of characters by separate voices but eventually a second voice was introduced and at least part of the sung narrative became dialogue. Thesis is credited with introducing this innovation and is by tradition considered the first actor. He was said to come from Scoria, which had links with the Dionysus legend. Dionysus is supposed to have been friends with Caries the King. Thesis is thought to have started in the provinces with a chorus, traveling with a cart on which he stood o give a solo performance in spoken verse independently of the chorus. The actor could play the hero or the god and the chorus respond as the soldiers or the worshippers or whatever was required by the story. And from this came the style of Greek tragedy with its use of a chorus and first one then two and then three actors playing the single voice parts, and the development of dramatic action. All this came about not solely for entertainment but for a religious festival usually in honor of Dionysus, although it is believed the acting troupes would travel the country and resent the plays for suitable occasions outside the actual festivals. We know there were earlier dramatists whose works have not survived, although some names such as Princess are known, but the first play texts we know of are by Aeschylus who was born in BEECH. Only some seven of Aeschylus plays have survived from what is believed to be a total of around seventy and it is not even certain which of his writings deserves the honor of having been shown first. There is scholarly debate as to whether it was Suppliants (Supplies) or The Persians works is The Roasters which is a complete trilogy presented at a festival for Dionysus n Athens in BEECH In the earliest plays the single voice is subordinated to the chorus and the story is told in the interchanges between him and the chorus, but Aeschylus added a second actor and then the two could address each other without the chorus. We know quite a lot about Aeschylus from an anonymous biography of uncertain date and uncertain sources. But some of the information is confirmed from comments by others. He was certainly honored as a great writer in his lifetime; his plays won the City Dionysian thirteen times, and some of those victories were after his death in BEECH. He said of himself that what he wrote were slices from Homer. He retired to Sicily and was buried at Gel with an epitaph he had composed: Here lies Aeschylus of Athens, son of Euphoria, who died in fertile Gel, and whose prowess the long-haired Made experienced on the celebrated battle of Marathon. The dramatists had to rehearse their own plays and usually took a part themselves so they had to be proficient not so much as actors but in singing and dancing, for this is how the plays were presented. Aristotelian, when he mocked Aeschylus in The Frogs, had him say that it was he who gave new poses to the chorus, and he is ported as being innovative in making the Nudeness (the Furies) in The Roasters rush disheveled into the orchestra. Sophocles, (chic- BEECH) for his part, was also reported to have been a fine singer and dancer. He added a third actor and limited the size of the chorus to fifteen, which increased the possibilities of conversational exchange. He was said to have introduced scenic decoration and dressed his actors in long-sleeved formal robes. There are seven surviving texts of his plays. These are more about characters such as Oedipus or Made in an overwhelmingly tragic tuitions than the explorations of wider moral dilemmas that Aeschylus wrote. There are nineteen plays by Euripides (chic- BEECH), which are different again from either of the others in his dramatic use of language but the themes of his plays are less powerful and at times almost incomprehensible. The best known are probably The Beach and The Trojan Women. We know less about the Greek comedies because few have survived but scholars have differentiated three kinds. Firstly the Old Comedy encompassed Aristotelian, and whilst it is certain there were others writing in the same style, only his works have survived. The characters in the Old Comedy are grotesques in bawdy, vulgar satire intermixed with buffoonery, but it is a genre especially distinguished by the use of the chorus who speak directly to the audience, a style called the parabolas. In the Middle Comedy chic-BBC there was more direct political reference, no parabolas and more colloquial language. Only fragments of these texts remain but they seem to have been more realistic and more domestic. Then around the time of Alexander, BEECH, the New Comedy appeared, as seen in the fragments of plays by Meander. The grotesques have gone, mythology has gone, the gods appear very rarely, and the masks, if they were still used, were more realistic. About 4000 lines survive from Meander. His plays are realistic in that there are familiar characters from everyday life with more emphasis on their human behavior and on the correction of social manners. Where the Greek dramatists were writing for festival presentation and the kudos that would ensue, the Roman theatre was commercial and the dramatists wrote for money or patronage. Phallus and Terrace adapted Greek originals. It is known that they used the plays of Meander, and others whose work has not survived, from the Greek New Comedy. The Roman writers kept the same kinds of metrical pattern for the dialogue, gave longer lines for chanting and lyric forms for the songs. They kept the Greek costume and masks and the basic types of conventional young men in love, a clever, tricky or sly slave, a pimp, a parasite a dirty old man, etc. At the same time in both Greek and Roman societies there was unliterary comedy. Burlesque farces from Meager in Greece, and influences from Southern Italy and Sicily, in Rome, which seem to have included music, comic songs, mime and dance. This genre was known as Fibula Telltale after the town Tattle. It is believed that the separate art of mime originated with this genre, but it also influenced the taste of the Roman audiences for grotesques and farce. So that there was reversion back to the Old Comedy in the adaptations Phallus and others made of the New Comedy to suit the taste of the Roman public. Phallus (chic-BEECH) certainly wrote for money. He went by the name of Titus Mucus (which meant Buffoon) Phallus (which meant flat-footed) but his original name is unknown. Its thought he was born in Umbra from where he went to Rome and worked as a stage hand and then as an actor, and eventually gained Roman citizenship. He wrote many popular plays, which are the earliest complete Latin literature that we have, and which are more or less in the form in which they were written. His plays were different from run-of-the-mill farces, although he had to broaden the Greek original and added elements from the Telltale farces and in a way ranged back to the style of Aristotelian. It is thought too that masks were used more than they had been in Meanders works. He adds scenes to his sources to allow for more tricks and deceptions, and often has many loose ends, but he has a verbal dexterity and plays with the language, using witty alliteration, assonance and bombast. He gave his audience sentimental realism and farcical burlesque and often mixes spoken colloquial dialogue with the lyrical. His characters have little development and rely upon usual stock types: the comic slave intriguing, blustering, impertinent, irascible old men and available women. There are no surprises; the audience knows what to expect, but Phallus extends theatrical technique by using comic irony more fully than Meander or Aristotelian. He lets his audience in on all the secrets from the beginning and then delights them with the mistakes the characters make because of facts not known to them but known to the audience. His lay Miles Glorious, about Pyrotechnics the Swaggering Soldier, has two plots and many loose ends. Money is usually important in his plays and he often mixes Roman attitudes, events or elements into a play nominally set in Athens, or, as this one, in Ephesus. But Phallus wrote for the masses, and the masses liked it. Terrace, who wrote cobble, was a much more literary writer. He came to Rome as a His master freed him and gave him his name, Eternities Afar. He aimed for the smile rather than the guffaw and his characters were usually the elegant men about Rome, conscious of their manners and annoyed by their elders old fashioned ideas. Although the setting might be elsewhere. For his plays differed from his Greek sources in that the manners and behavior were Roman with Roman attitudes to women and slaves, with lots of sentimental posturing. He used the same repertoire as Meander and the same stylistic conventions but he aims for greater realism and has less flamboyance than Phallus, with what we see as psychological analysis. His prologues also show him more at home with his masters friends, or at least with a more literate and thoughtful audience than Phallus. Perhaps not surprisingly his plays were not very popular with the general public in his lifetime but they have nice become most influential in the development of European drama. Seneca was the other Roman dramatist whose work has come down to us. He was born around BCC in Spain and lived under both Tuberous and Caligula. He offended Claudia and then later became tutor and adviser to Nero. He shows some inconsistencies in his writings and seems to have swayed with the current political wind. His plots are taken from Greek sources but there is no balance in his treatments, they are sensational and rhetorical rather than poetic, bathetic rather than pathetic, with little motivation or development of character. Nevertheless, some academic refuse to dismiss his work out of hand and suggest that he was deliberately writing grotesque parodies even travesties of the Greek models in a philosophical commentary on the sordid world in which he lived. It is thought his plays were not written to be performed but read and perhaps thus able to be more thoughtfully considered than would be the case in performance. Like Terrace he has helped to form later European drama and was particularly influential on the Renaissance dramatists. The term Renaissance is usually attributed to the nineteenth century Swiss art writer Jacob Bureaucrat in his book The Civilization of he Renaissance in Italy of 1860 and people have accepted his definition in hindsight. He set out the idea that there was an almost spontaneous re-birth in interest about the classics, in classical art and literature. But an earlier writer, in the sixteenth century, Giorgio Vassar, often seen as the Medici PR man for artistic affairs, wrote in his The Lives of the Painters, Sculptors and Architects around 1550:- about the rise of the arts to perfection, their decline and their restoration or renaissance. Historians are not agreed that one can set any specific dates for the Renaissance but t is usually agreed that a rural Medieval feudal society gradually changed to an urban mercantile society with more centralized political institutions, a commercial economy and growing lay patronage of the arts and music, sometime around the 14th century in Italy and this spread to rest of Europe through 16th and 17th centuries, and that this was a period of renewed interest in the arts of the classical past. There had been drama before this. There are records of popular comic theatre presented by traveling troupes, and of religious plays and theatrical celebrations at Christian festivals, although many clergy thought plays as such sinful. But much of plays written as a religious didactic tool used Roman forms. The Shimmering nun, Wraiths chic AD, modeled her plays on Terrace, while other religious plays have recognizable language from Latin writers. There were also theatrical representations or kinds of tableaux on a feast day or other special occasion. In Italy these were known as sacred representations and were often given by a confraternity. These used very elaborate staging effects of all kinds long before such settings were used in staging secular entertainments. However the start of an academic classical interest n theatre seems to have begun with the find of a manuscript copy in 1427 of some of the comedies of Terrace and Phallus which led to attempts to present these and other classical plays in what was thought to be the original manner. An Academy was formed in Rome by the scholar Julius Pompons Latest (1425-1498) a leading humanist, specifically to study and present ancient Latin plays, mainly those of Phallus. Oddly the most irreverent and bawdy of the Roman dramatists. Latest was fanatically devoted to what he understood by the customs of ancient Rome and even was said to refuse to learn Greek in case it spoilt his Latin. The Academy was oppressed by Pope Paul II in 1468 for its political aims and pagan spirit and Latest and his companions were imprisoned and tortured. But the interest in classical arts and literature continued and the translations into English of many Latin texts in the sixteenth century brought the plays to England, where the Elizabethan dramatists such as Marathon plundered the plots of Seneca. , or like Johnson tried to emulate his style. T. S Eliot wrote about SÃ ©ances influence on Elizabethan thought and said SÃ ©ances influence upon dramatic form, upon versification, and language, upon sensibility and thought, must in the end be all estimated together. And asserted that when an Elizabethan hero or villain dies, he usually dies in the odor of Seneca by which he seems to mean that, like Seneca, the Elizabethan heroes do not often have an honorable death but include disgrace, violation even dismemberment whether deserved or not. Aristotle taught that tragedy should purge humankind through pity for the protagonist and fear of our own weaknesses, but Seneca and his heirs showed that we are all guilty and we live in a world of cruelty and suffering. The gods could no longer be placated by dramatic ritual and ceremonies as in the origins of drama.